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Instrumentation systems are designed to provide precise, reliable data for process control. But even the most advanced sensors can give incorrect readings if exposed to harsh or variable ambient conditions. Factors like temperature, humidity, electromagnetic interference (EMI), and mechanical vibration can significantly impact accuracy, stability, and sensor life. This article…

In 1821 a German physicist named Seebeck discovered the thermoelectric effect which forms the basis of modern thermocouple technology. He observed that an electric current flows in a closed circuit of two dissimilar metals if their two junctions are at different temperatures. The thermoelectric voltage produced depends on the metals…